Delivering therapeutic cargos to target sites for medical applications is hampered by multiple levels of barriers. For successful delivery, the therapeutic cargo has to cross, for example, a blood vessel, placenta or mucus layer in the lungs depending on the target, deeply penetrate the tissue by transcytosis, efficiently internalize into target cells by endocytosis and escape from the endo-lysosomal compartments to the cytosol if the therapeutic cargo’s action is in the cytosol.
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